Selfishness and Comment Shows Rufus - 1037 Words

In the book Kindred, there are many characters that are interesting. One reason this is true, is because the book forwards through time very fast and we see many characters go from infantile to grown adult. One character that changed throughout the story was Rufus Weylin. His development was incredibly interesting because the story somewhat revolves around what he does or what is happening to him. We see him as a very young child to a twenty five year old adult. In this story, Rufus is the most interesting because he develops from a young impressionable child, to a selfish man influenced highly by the antebellum South and other things. First off, when we get the first glimpse into Rufus the boy he is burning his drapery to get attention†¦show more content†¦His ultimate step into becoming a plantation owner was with his father passing, and now he was far from the person that said he would never sell a slave. His authority is really noticeable when he says, â€Å"You walk away from me, Dana, you’ll be back in the fields in an hour!...Don’t you ever walk away from me again!† At this point his threats aren’t him whining like when he was a child, he meant it. Rufus’ character develops a lot near the end of the book as we realize his feelings toward Dana all to clearly. In the middle of the night he approaches Alice and Dana and says, â€Å"You really are only one woman. Did you know that?† Rufus had Alice for his physical needs and Dana for his emotional. We start to see that Dana wasn’t just his friend; he needed to have her, no matter what. His jealously became clear when he sold the slave Sam for just speaking to Dana. He said, â€Å"He wanted you†¦he wanted you.† He then says to Dana, â€Å"Your so much like her, I can hardly stand it.† Rufus’ relationship with Dana had gone from friendship and understanding to Rufus wanting more and he aimed to have it. When we see that Rufus was allowing his son to call him daddy finally it was reminder of his humanity. We see that in some ways he was still good, and not racked with intense emotions. However, his humane side diminishes slowly with his i rrational wants, desires and need for affection. Rufus’ character is interesting because of his development

Oil Companies And Economic Power - 1554 Words

Oil Companies and Economic Power Introduction In the modern world energy has become very important since it helps drive most industrial as well as home based activities. The process that leads to production of the world’s largest energy provider, Oil, however has continued to receive criticism. This is so since production of Gasoline, Natural Gas, Kerosene as well as other components present in crude oil leads to some forms of environmental pollution. This has led to devastating climatic changes around the world which has in turn led to loss of lives and property. In the course of transporting crude oil to refinery stations, cases of oil spillages into oceans and other water bodies occur. The result is water pollution as well as death of†¦show more content†¦Mitchell, 98). Oil companies operate in defined regions where oil exploration and possible drilling is done. However some companies such as Shell BP engage in international drilling and distribution of oil products. Below are some of the most renowned oil companies in their constituent continents: Africa: Sasol of South of South Africa and National Petroleum Company of Congo. In Asia some of the leading oil companies include Nobel Group and the Bahrain Oil Company. It is important to note that Asia has a lot of oil resources and hence have extensive oil drilling activities. In Europe we have Partex oil and Gas Company, in South America three is Bridas Corporation based in Argentina. North America has one of the most advanced technology in the oil industry. These companies have extended their activities around the globe in a bid to discover more oil resources to sustain future energy requirements. Some North America companies include Shell Oil Company and the Apache Corporation. This paper will f ocus on the importance of oil companies over and above the problems that they pose to the environment as well as the political stability of the world. For practical examples I chose to use the state of Alaska where oil companies have based their operations as a case study. Role of Oil Companies in an Economy (a) Powering Industrial Activities Oil companies form the petroleum industry

Aristotles Virtue Theory Essay Example For Students

Aristotles Virtue Theory Essay Aristotle’s Virtue Theory †¢ The extent of Aristotle’s role in philosophy is outlined, including his concept of teleology and causation. In particular his theory of virtue is examined with examples. The lecture concludes with an overall discussion of virtue theory. Main Points Empirical Knowledge and the Realm of the Senses †¢ †¢ Aristotle rejects Plato’s notion that the Forms exist separately from the world; he envisions Forms existing in the world of the senses. This shift enables Aristotle to think in terms of empirical research. Aristotle the Scientist †¢ The importance of logic and observation for Aristotle; his intellectual interests in ethics, metaphysics, politics, drama, rhetoric, and so forth. Aristotle and Virtue Virtue and Excellence †¢ For Aristotle â€Å"virtue† means doing something with excellence. Teleology: The Concept of Purpose †¢ Aristotle’s theory that everything has a purpose. The Human Purpose †¢ †¢ †¢ The telos for humans as a species and the telos for an individual person are both defined by that species’ or person’s potential. The human purpose is to use one’s reason well. Aristotle’s two forms of virtue: Intellectual and moral. Theoretical and practical wisdom. The Golden Mean †¢ The Golden Mean: Not too much, and not too little. TIP Many students seem to think that Aristotle by his theory of the Golden Mean is praising mediocrity or is envisioning some bland average as a moral ideal. On the contrary Aristotle praises excellence as virtuous, and that requires the best possible effort. But the â€Å"best† effort is not the same as the â€Å"most† effort: That would be in xcess. Aristotle believes it is virtuous to know when an effort is sufficient; you may want to ask your friends for examples from personal experience (such as putting the right amount of effort into studying for an exam, writing a term paper, or—on a personal level—being the right kind of friend). The best possible (virtuous) result is far from being an average result; also, the question of â €Å"what is the right amount† is something most people have to face continually: How grateful should I be? How friendly? How assertive? There is no question of seeking the average, but the best, response in each situation.. †¢ Discussion of three questions about Aristotle’s virtue theory: (1) If this is supposed to be a theory of character, why does Aristotle talk about conduct? (2) What does developing a good character have to do with rational thinking? (3) Are we supposed to do everything in the right amount, such as stealing and lying? Isn’t The Golden Mean relative to the situation. Discussion of examples of Aristotle’s virtues: Courage, temperance, pride, eventemperedness, truthfulness, wit. How does one find the virtue? By trial and error and developing good habits. †¢ †¢ †¢ Happiness †¢ Aristotle’s idea of well-being: contemplation. Some Objections to Greek Virtue Theory †¢ †¢ The advantage of ethics of conduct over virtue ethics: Recourse to a common law. Virtue ethics is based in teleology, and we can’t make assumptions about natural human purposes.

Turgenev Realist or Romantic Essay Example For Students

Turgenev: Realist or Romantic? Essay The Great Reforms of the 1860’s generated an era of social and economic turmoil in Russia. These unstable times spawned the growth of a radical intellectual group known as, the intellegencia. These new reformers or radicals were the sons and daughters of the heads of Russia. They wished to sweep away the assumptions of the romantic generation of the 1840’s that â€Å"refused to accept the supremacy of reason over emotion† (Kishlanksy, Geary and O’Brien: 755) and any other non-scientifically proven truths of social, political, emotional and spiritual life in Russia. They rejected all common assumptions about serfdom, the foundations of Russian hierarchy, and its reform, including all of its social and economic ramifications. Turgenev’s novel â€Å"Fathers and Sons†, successfully identifies these diverse views (Romanticism vs. Realism) on reforming Russia through the depiction of its characters. Turgenev represents a contrast of old generation of liberal/conservative romantics, through the portrayals of Nicholas and Paul Kirsanov and the new radical, nihilist generation through Basarov. We will write a custom essay on Turgenev: Realist or Romantic? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Turgenev demonstrates the tension and difference in beliefs between the two generations early in the novel with the return of Arcady and the introduction of his nihilist mentor Bazarov. Within one of the first encounters between Bazarov and the Kirsanov brothers, Bazarov begins verbally assessing the differences between the generations. â€Å"He’s archaic! † (Turgenev: 24) Bazarov exclaims of Paul Petrovich’s pretentious demeanor and dress. â€Å"But your father’s fine. A pity he has a weakness for reciting verse; it’s unlikely that he understands much about estate management, but he must be a kindhearted man†¦. They simply amaze me these old romantics! They excite their nervous system to the point of irritation†¦ well, that upsets their balance. † (Turgenev: 24) This statement repined Bazarov’s opinion of the â€Å"men of the forties† and their ideologies. In Bazarovs mind, the former generation immersed themselves in art and philosophy to ease their discontent with Russian authority and backwardness. In the eyes of the intellegensia this was cowardice and proved a lack of intellectual prowess. These differences between nihilists and romantics appear throughout the novel and are represented by both the disapproval of the Romantic ideology by the nihilists and vice versa. For example, Paul Petrovich describes a nihilist as â€Å"a man who respects nothing. † (Turgenev: 29) The older generation believes in the necessities of the rule of law and the conventions of behavior, for them this is an unchallengable fact and the only viable alternative. Bazarov reinforces Nicholas’ Romantic emphasis on the arts by criticizing him for playing Schubert’s â€Å"Expectation,† a piece of classical music. Good Lord! At forty-four, a pater familias, in the province of X, playing the ‘cello! †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Turgenev: 50) While in the same conversation Bazarov, commented that â€Å"nature isn’t a temple, but a workshop, and man is the craftsman. † (Turgenev: 49) This statement of nature shows his rejection of Romantic ideals and his tendency toward practical and scientific views. Basarov also insults the Romantic ideals when he observes Nicholas reading Pushkin. Basarov suggests that â€Å"he is no youth, it is time he gave up such nonsense. Where is the sense of being a romantic nowadays! Give him something more practical to read. † (Turgenev: 51) Again Bazarov criticized romantic ideals, which he finds useless and detrimental to the reformation of Russia’s society. Furthermore, the young nihilists provide Nicholas with a book by Buchner, a German philosopher, and in his attempt to read it asserts â€Å"Either I am stupid or it is sheer rubbish. I must be stupid. † (Turgenev: 53) Given the educational background of Nicholas, it is certain that his intelligence is not in question. Later, Nicholas ponders how the new generation could possibly shrug off all literature and the arts. .ud08fce9715070bbc82340bbcb72ab960 , .ud08fce9715070bbc82340bbcb72ab960 .postImageUrl , .ud08fce9715070bbc82340bbcb72ab960 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud08fce9715070bbc82340bbcb72ab960 , .ud08fce9715070bbc82340bbcb72ab960:hover , .ud08fce9715070bbc82340bbcb72ab960:visited , .ud08fce9715070bbc82340bbcb72ab960:active { border:0!important; } .ud08fce9715070bbc82340bbcb72ab960 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud08fce9715070bbc82340bbcb72ab960 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud08fce9715070bbc82340bbcb72ab960:active , .ud08fce9715070bbc82340bbcb72ab960:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud08fce9715070bbc82340bbcb72ab960 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud08fce9715070bbc82340bbcb72ab960 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud08fce9715070bbc82340bbcb72ab960 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud08fce9715070bbc82340bbcb72ab960 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud08fce9715070bbc82340bbcb72ab960:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud08fce9715070bbc82340bbcb72ab960 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud08fce9715070bbc82340bbcb72ab960 .ud08fce9715070bbc82340bbcb72ab960-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud08fce9715070bbc82340bbcb72ab960:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Soap History EssayThe â€Å"Battle Royal† between the generations began with Paul’s defense of the aristocrat, in essence the defense of social order, respect and dignity. Paul is insistent that self-respect and principle are the basis for progress. Essentially, Paul is reaffirming the necessity of society’s rules of behavior. Bazarov on the other hand, finds logic and principles ineffective in the daily plight of human existence. â€Å"I hope that you have no need of logic to find a bite of bread when hungry. † (Turgenev: 55) Bazarov retorted. Again defying the usefulness of philosophy and reinforcing his realistic interpretation of societal function. Turgenev epitomizes the opposition between the nihilist and the Romantic perspectives with Nicholas’ interjection, â€Å"you deny everything or, to put it more precisely, you are destroying everything†¦ But it’s essential to construct as well. † Bazarov responded, â€Å"That is not our affair†¦ First, we must make a clean sweep. † (Turgenev: 56) Both movements were advocates of change, the differentiation comes in the methods utilized to initiate the results. Early reformers were advocates of a moderate conventional change, nihilists on the other hand believed change was validated by taking radical risks often by unconventional measures. In conclusion, these characters represent three of the different sectors of Russian society at the time, a time when society as a whole was under going a major upheaval. Their society can no longer fully and confidently support either of the factions, therefore they attempt to define their own existence and are unwilling to compromise their beliefs. Essentially, they are a product of their unstable

Cognitive psychology on driving and phone usage

Cognitive psychology on driving and phone usage Introduction Some people claim that multitasking is an inevitable part of a fast-changing world. They believe that the current workplace is full of interruptions that must be accommodated. It is almost impossible for them to focus on one task uninterruptedly.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive psychology on driving and phone usage specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is why many end up using their phones when driving. However, research shows that making phone calls can reduce a driver’s ability to perform tasks well because of the cognitive challenges involved. Multitasking versus performing a single task Cognitive skills are those mental skills that facilitate learning. One of these skills includes attention, which can be selective, divided or sustained. Multitasking is recognized as divided attention because it involves retaining and attending to two or more things. People do not ‘multitaskâ₠¬â„¢ per say; they merely switch from one task to another at very quick rates. When multitasking, individuals find it difficult to give tasks adequate attention and this leads to superficial processing. As one carries out a certain activity, one is likely to develop attention based inertia, which makes it very difficult to distract such a person. Multitasking disrupts this state of inertia and thus minimizes a person’s ability to perform tasks well (Frith et al., 2001). Cell-phone use requires cognitive skills because it is not an automated task; additionally, the same thing can be said about driving. These skills become automatic when practiced continually. For example, one can typewrite or play instruments with relative ease after doing so for a long time. This means that active processing may no longer be necessary. However, safe driving involves continuous learning and so does telephone use so these activities cannot be automated. For this reason, it is quite difficult to multitask when the activities involved are driving and talking on the phone (Redelmeier Tibshirani, 1997). Different types of talking Talking to passengers differs from talking on the phone because the passengers can pin point threats on the road. Passengers are likely to keep quiet when the driver is in the middle of a heavy traffic jam or when he or she is driving in hazardous conditions. Consequently, such passengers make driving safer.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hands free calling and conventional calling Holding a phone when driving may cause the driver to use only one hand for the latter task and this compromises driving performance. Hands free calling can reduce this problem by giving a driver freedom to use both hands. However it would still not address the root cause of the problem, which is related to the processing of information from multiple sources. The mind would still be involved in receiving and processing information from the telephone conversation as well as the road. Eventually, this would lead to dangerous repercussions such as swerving or crushing. Researchers have shown that most television viewers cannot process information effectively when watching two TC sets (Frith et al., 2001). The same thing applies to people who try to listen to two conversations at the same time. People will not remember most of the things they see or hear when this information comes to them simultaneously, because the brain’s cortex cannot effectively distinguish between relevant and irrelevant distractions. A conventional phone call is not different from a hands-free phone call because both distract the mind with new audio information. The brain focuses more on the phone conversation than the visual information from the highway because the latter information does not change as fast as the conversation does. This also happens because word s disappear after they are spoken so the mind would want to capture them before they fade away. As a result, drivers are likely to ignore certain visual cues on the road and this could be unsafe. Driving is a complex task which requires one to react to incoming information very quickly. Sometimes a pedestrian may cross the road unexpectedly or another car may get onto the wrong lane; these changes require frequent and rapid responses. One cannot respond promptly when one’s attention is focused on a phone conversation (Anderson, 2010). Text messaging when driving Text messaging is by far the most complicated of all phone related tasks. It requires a great deal of visual scanning, decision making, information processing and attention. A text message involves greater visual scanning than a phone call because a sender needs to look at the message he or she is creating, and that would take his or her eyes off the road.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cogn itive psychology on driving and phone usage specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One also needs to make decisions on the kinds of words to use. This would be much harder because it involves the use of literacy skills, which are not required in phone conversations. Drivers would find information processing and concentration to be more difficult when text messaging than when talking on the phone. They need to ensure that they divide their attention between the road and the phone as they text. Some may miss visual cues when composing the message. All these additional task demands make text messaging more dangerous than talking on the phone. Conclusion Driving and talking on the phone simultaneously can be dangerous because both activities require cognitive skills. The brain focuses on the phone call at the expense of the most important task which is driving. One’s reaction time is severely impeded and this could be very hazardous. References Anderson, J. (2010). Cognitive psychology and its implications. Boston: Allyn and Bacon Frith, C., Rees, G., Fockert, J., lavie, N. De Fockert, J. (2001). Role of working memory in visual selective attention. Science journal, 291(5509), 1803-1806 Redelmeier, D. Tibshirani, R. (1997). Association between cellular telephone calls and motor vehicle collisions. New England Journal of Medicine, 336(7), 453-458

Historical SAT Test Dates for 2014, 2013 and More

Historical SAT Test Dates for 2014, 2013 and More SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Historical test dates for the SAT are important for many accurate records. However, the College Board at this point doesn't maintain an easy database of SAT dates for 2014, 2013, 2012, 20, and so forth. We at PrepScholar have done the hard work to dig up the old records. See below! Note: if you are looking for future SAT test dates instead, look here! School Year of 2014-2015 The source for this year was Official College Board data. Test Date Normal Reg Late Reg Oct , 2014 Sep 12, 2014 Sep 26, 2014 Nov 1, 2014 Oct 3, 2014 Oct 17, 2014 Dec 6, 2014 Nov 7, 2014 Nov 21, 2014 Jan 24, 2015 Dec 26, 2014 Jan 9, 2015 Mar 7, 2015 Feb 6, 2015 Feb 20, 2015 May 2, 2015 Apr 3, 2015 Apr 17, 2015 Jun 6, 2015 May 8, 2015 May 22, 2015 School Year of 2013-2014 The source for this year was Official College Board data. Test Date Normal Reg Late Reg Oct 5, 2013 Sep 6, 2013 Sep 20, 2013 Nov 2, 2013 Oct 4, 2013 Oct 18, 2013 Dec 7, 2013 Nov 8, 2013 Nov 22, 2013 Jan 25, 2014 Dec 27, 2013 Jan 10, 2014 Mar 8, 2014 Feb 7, 2014 Feb 21, 2014 May 3, 2014 Apr 4, 2014 Apr 18, 2014 Jun 7, 2014 May 9, 2014 May 23, 2014 More Years Below! Found this article useful? Get a lot more helpful information with our Free SAT ebook! School Year of 2012-2013 The source for this year was Official College Board data. Test Date Normal Reg Late Reg Oct 6, 2012 Sep 7, 2012 Sep 21, 2012 Nov 3, 2012 Oct 4, 2012 Oct 19, 2012 Dec 1, 2012 Nov 1, 2012 Nov 16, 2012 Jan 26, 2013 Dec 28, 2012 Jan , 2013 Mar 9, 2013 Feb 8, 2013 Feb 22, 2013 May 4, 2013 Apr 5, 2013 Apr 19, 2013 Jun 1, 2013 May 2, 2013 May 17, 2013 School Year of 20-2012 The source for this year was a trusted institutional source secondarily based on Official College Board data. Test Date Normal Reg Late Reg Oct 1, 20 Sep 9, 20 Sep 21, 20 Nov 5, 20 Oct 7, 20 Oct 21, 20 Dec 3, 20 Nov 8, 20 Nov 20, 20 Jan 28, 2012 Dec 30, 2012 Jan 13, 2012 Mar 10, 2012 Feb 10, 2012 Feb 24, 2012 May 5, 2012 Apr 6, 2012 Apr 20, 2012 Jun 2, 2012 May 8, 2012 May 22, 2012 School Year of 2010-20 The source for this year was a trusted institutional source secondarily based on Official College Board data. Test Date Normal Reg Late Reg Oct 9, 2010 Sep 10, 2010 Sep 24, 2010 Nov 6, 2010 Oct 8, 2010 Oct 22, 2010 Dec 4, 2010 Nov 5, 2010 Nov 19, 2010 Jan 22, 20 Dec 23, 20 Jan 7, 20 Mar 12, 20 Feb , 20 Feb 25, 20 May 7, 20 Apr 8, 20 Apr 22, 20 Jun 4, 20 May 6, 20 May 20, 20 School Year of 2009-2010 The source for this year was a trusted secondary school institutional source secondarily based on Official College Board data. Test Date Normal Reg Late Reg Oct 10, 2009 Sep 9, 2009 Sep 23, 2009 Nov 7, 2009 Oct 1, 2009 Oct 15, 2009 Dec 5, 2009 Oct 30, 2009 Nov 12, 2009 Jan 23, 2010 Dec 15, 2009 Dec 30, 2009 Mar 13, 2010 Feb 4, 2010 Feb 18, 2010 May 1, 2010 Mar 25, 2010 Apr 8, 2010 Jun 5, 2010 Apr 29, 2010 May 13, 2010 School Year of 2008-2009 The source for this year was a trusted collegiate institutional source secondarily based on Official College Board data. Test Date Normal Reg Late Reg Oct 4, 2008 Sep 9, 2008 Sep 16, 2008 Nov 1, 2008 Sep 26, 2008 Oct 10, 2008 Dec 6, 2008 Nov 5, 2008 Nov 18, 2008 Jan 24, 2009 Dec 26, 2008 Jan6, 2009 Mar 14, 2009 Feb 10, 2009 Feb 24, 2009 May 2, 2009 Mar 31, 2009 Apr 9, 2009 Jun 6, 2009 May 5, 2009 May 15, 2009 How to Use These SAT Data These historical test days can help you with your application, and help you predict when future SAT test dates are. If you are planning to take the SAT again and want to improve, subscribe to our blog! Found this article useful? Get a lot more helpful with our Free SAT Ebook! Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Dr. Fred Zhang About the Author Fred is co-founder of PrepScholar. He scored a perfect score on the SAT and is passionate about sharing information with aspiring students. Fred graduated from Harvard University with a Bachelor's in Mathematics and a PhD in Economics. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Ask below and we'll reply! 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The sandwich generation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The sandwich generation - Research Paper Example This research paper aims to state the social, psychological and economic problems that the sandwich generation usually faces during this phase of life, and how their actions can affect the rest of the two generations. In order to state the best and the most accurate conclusion, a few examples of actual sandwich generation couples are included as well. The Sandwich Generation Sandwich Generation (Zal, 2001) is the generation stuck between two generations who are supposed to take care and give support to the younger generation (their children) and the older generation (their parents) at the same time. It is likely to suffer from a number of various psychological, social and economic problems are they do their job of prioritizing one of the generations over the other on different instances. The American Census of 2002 calculated that around 80-90 percent households in America provided assistance to aging parents, young children, disabled adult children and other relatives. The sandwich generations at most of the instances provided spiritual, emotional, physical, legal and spiritual support to the dependent generations. The role of the sandwich generations in these families is very demanding, stressful and mentally straining, as they are most likely to suffer from financial and emotional insecurities (Roots, 1998). According to Carol Abaya (Funnel et al, 2008), there are three different kinds of sandwich generations in various families in general. First kind of the sandwich generation, known as the Traditional Sandwich Generation, takes care of their aging parents and young children at the same time. The second kind, known as the Club Sandwich Generation (Funnel et al, 2008), is of two kinds; one takes care of their aging parents, adult children and grandchildren, this group is likely to be in their 50s or 60s, the second group is likely to be of people in their ‘30s or 40s, providing support for their young children, aging parents and grandparents’ (F unnel et al, 2008). In addition, the third kind is the one known as, Open Faced, this group, as describes by Abaya, consists of anyone else who takes part in care of elderly (Funnel et al, 2008). Younger Generation and the Sandwich Generation In a household, the younger generation is likely to be the most psychologically vulnerable to any sort of economic and social variables. As the children are likely to be in the initial socializing phase of their lives, whatever they experience is likely to create strong ideas and perceptions for them in return. Therefore, while being in this phase of life, effective communication and proper socialization is essential to ensure that the children are learning the best values and ideas, which they are likely to internalize for a lifetime. Nevertheless, in a multi-generational family, where the time and resources have to be divided amongst two different generations, the younger generations are likely to receive less than what they actually deserve. According to the research carried out by Sharon Hamill in 1994, on multi-generational families and their impacts on children, the results stated that the children in such families are likely to suffer from problems relating to ineffective communication and incomplete socialization. This caused the children to suffer from psychological problems and most of them ended up taking part in deviant and immoral activities like; being disrespectful to their parents, taking drugs, and participating in petty crimes like

Altria's Commitment to the Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Altria's Commitment to the Environment - Essay Example It wants to switch consumers' attention from the company for being solely a tobacco and alcohol company and show that it has serious environmental concerns so it pursues actions friendly to human beings. It would have been useless if these concerns were only part of a public relations plan and were not implemented in reality. People, nowadays, have become more environmentally conscious so it is in the best interest of a company to show that it respects the environment and it does not challenge the various environmental groups. Altria has to show that it wants to protect people's health and the best way to show it is by respecting the environment. No, the commitment will not offset the environmental issues with the tobacco company, at least not in the short - run. Each decision of the company made public will have an impact on its various stakeholders. So, a public relations campaign as this one will not bring the desired results if the rest of company decisions and strategy show the opposite. Even if the company decisions are in accordance with the environmental issues, still a negative perception of the image requires a lot of time in order to be changed into a positive one. Altria needs to be sincere with its customers and although it implements its environmental actions it needs to adapt its strategy as a company and become really concerned for consumer's health so this requires a strategic change from the tobacco business and diversify its product portfolio accordingly. Reference List Harrison, J.S., Hitt, M.A. & Ireland, D. (2001). Mergers and acquisitions: A guide to creating value for Stakeholders, Oxford University Press. Kimmel, A.J.(2004). Rumours and Rumour Control: A Manager's Guide to Understanding and Combating Rumours. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. McCall, J.B. & Stone, M.A.(2004). International Strategic Marketing: A European Perspective.

Astronomy Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Astronomy Study Guide Essay xix. All jovian planets have strong winds and storms 2. Be able to describe the different stages in stellar evolution and which star will end their lives in which ways. Included in this is the maximum masses of stars that will become white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes and the maximum masses of white dwarfs and neutron stars. e. Step 1- Becoming a Star xx. As a cloud collapses, the center becomes very, very hot and very dense f. Step 2- Fusion xxi. As the gas cloud collapses, the core becomes hotter and the density inside the core increases xxii. Eventually, the temperature and density reach a point where nuclear fusion can occur g. Step 3- Balance: all main sequence stars are in hydrostatic equilibrium xxiii. Fusion provides radiation that creates an outward pressure h. Protostar to Main Sequence xxiv. A protostar contracts and heats until the core temperature is sufficient for hydrogen fusion i. Upper Limit on a Star’s Mass 3. Understand everythi9ng about the HR diagram and how it can be used j. Identifies a definite relationship between temperature and absolute magnitude k. The smallest stars are the tiny white dwarfs and are found in the lower left corner of the diagram l. Main sequence stars span a range of sizes from the small found in the lower right and the large found in the upper left m. Largest stars are the giant and supergiant stars which are sound in the upper right corner n. Most stars fall somewhere on the main sequence o. Diagram Depicts xxv. Temperature xxvi. Color xxvii. Spectral Type xxviii. Luminosity xxix. Radius 4. Be able to describe the Doppler effect and indicate which stars are shifts the most from looking at the spectra of stars and from looking at the wavelength of peak radiation. p. The Doppler effect is able to determine the movement of objects in space. It can tell if the object is moving toward or away from earth. 5. What are the different types of galaxies and what are the different types and ages of stars that you would expect to observe in each q. Spiral xxx. Disk- stars of all ages, and many gas clouds xxxi. Bulge- old stars, few gas clouds xxxii. Halo- old stars, few gas clouds 1. Blue-White color indicates ongoing star formation 2. Red-Yellow color indicates older star population xxxiii. Barred Spiral Galaxy- has a bar of stars across the bulge xxxiv. Centicular Galaxy- has a disk like a spiral but much less dusty gas(intermediate between spiral and elliptical) r. Elliptical xxxv. All spherical components, virtually no disk component 3. Red-Yellow color indicates older star population s. Irregular xxxvi. Neither spiral nor elliptical 4. Blue-White indicates ongoing star formation 5. All tend to be really far away t. *Spiral galaxies are often found in groups 6. Use energy output vs. wavelength graphs to determine the size temperature and color of various stars. 7. Be able to choose the most cost effective option from a list of possible research telescopes u. Three Types of Telescopes xxxvii. Refracting Telescope-uses a glass lens to concentrate incoming light xxxviii. Reflecting Telescope-uses mirrors to concentrate incoming star light (most researching telescopes today are reflecting) xxxix. Radio Telescopes- sends radio waves into space 8. Give a general description of Big Bang theory and the evidence for it. v. In the 1940’s based on Hubble’s law, George Gamon proposed that the universe began in a colossal explosion w. In the 1950’s, the term Big Bang was coined be an unconvinced Sir Fred Hoyce x. Evidence for Big Bang xl. We have detected the background radiation from the Big Bang xli. Correctly predicts the abundance of helium and other light elements in universe xlii. The cosmic microwave background=the radiation leftover from the Big Bang xliii. Patterns of structure observed by WMAP show the â€Å"seeds† of the universe xliv. Abundance of elements give us clues as well 9. How does the force of gravity between two objects depend on mass and distance. y. Newton’s Law of Gravitation xlv. Two objects attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their own masses and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance z. Universal Law of Gravitation xlvi. Every mass attracts every other mass xlvii. Attraction is directly proportional to the masses xlviii. Attractions is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers xlix. F=G(m1m2/d2) 10. What provides energy to stars at different points during their lifetime (proto-star, main sequence, red giant, etc†¦) 11. What can we know from the spectrum of a star {. We can determine whether the star is moving toward us or moving away from us. |. We can’t determine the exact speed of the star but we can determine whether it is moving fast or slow toward us and if it is moving fast or slow away from us 12. What is a Cepheid variable? }. Light curve shows that its brightness alternately rises and falls over a period of 50 days ~. With longer periods have higher luminosities 13. What does Hubble’s law say? . Velocity=H0 x distance 14. Compare the sizes of different objects in the solar system, in the galaxy, and in the universe. . The Sun is the largest object in the solar system . Earth VenusMarsMercurymoon 15. Compare the scales (relative distances) to various locations in the solar system, the galaxy, and the universe 16. What makes something science? How do you tell if something is a scientific theory, a hypotheses, or something else? . What is Science l. Seeks to understand the rules and laws of nature li. Uses systematic observations lii. Uses mathematical models liii. Experimentally tests ideas . A Scientific Theory must: liv. Explain a wide variety of observations with a few simple principles lv. Be supportive be a large compelling body of evidence lvi. Not have failed any crucial tests of its validity 17. List properties of thermal radiation. . Hotter objects emit more light at all frequencies . Hotter objects emit photons with a higher average energy . Nearly all large or dense objects emit thermal radiation including stars, planets, and you . An objects thermal radiation spectrum depends only on temperature 18. How do we know our position in the solar system, in the galaxy, and the universe? . Kepler’s Law lvii. Using Kepler’s law we are able to calculate the orbital speed of objects and compare them. lviii. To compare our location to the galactic center we use the Kepler’s Law Rotation curve, which plots an objects orbital speed against the distance from the galactic center. 19. Understand the phases of the moon. Be able to choose relative positions of the Earth, moon, and sun to produce a given moon phase. . 1st quarter . Waxing gibbous . Full moon . Waning gibbous . 3rd quarter . Waning crescent . New moon . Waxing crescent 20. Understand the major motions in the sky- over the course of a day, over the course of man y weeks/months, and over the course of years. 21. What causes seasons? . Earth’s axis points in the same direction all year, so its orientation relative to the sun changes as Earth orbits the sun . Summer occurs in your hemisphere when sunlight hits it more directly, winter occurs when sunlight hits it less directly . Axis tilt is the key to seasons without it we wouldn’t have seasons 22. Apparent and absolute magnitudes, what they tell us, and how they are used to determine distances. . Apparent Magnitude- how bright the object appears to us on earth . Absolute Magnitude- how bright it actually is lix. Negative means brighter lx. Positive means dimmer . By comparing apparent, and absolute magnitude numbers we can estimate the stars distance from earth lxi. When m=M, then the star is located exactly 10 pc away lxii. When mM, then the star appears dimmer than it would 10 pc away 23. List the different types of electromagnetic radiation and their relative wavelengths, and energies. 24. List the pattern of motion of the large objects in the solar system. . All large bodies orbit in the same direction and nearly the same plane . Most rotate in the same direction

A Tale of Two Cities: Minor Characters Essay -- essays research papers

A Tale of Two Cities: Roles of Minor Characters Every story in the history of literature has one or more characters that are not as significant as other characters. Although these characters aren’t as important, they serve to advance the plot or are symbolically important. There are definitely numerous depictions of these characters in A Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens. Two examples are Lucie Manette Darnay and Miss Pross. Both of these flat characters are important in the development of the story. Lucie Manette Darnay played an important and symbolic role in the novel. Dickens described her as â€Å"the golden thread† of the novel, weaving its good throughout the plot. Along with her good nature, she was also young and attractive. Dickens described her as having: †¦a short, slight, pretty figure, a quantity of golden hair, and a pair of blue eyes†¦and a forehead with a singular capacity†¦of lifting and knitting itself into an expression that was not quite one of perplexity, or wonder, or alarm, or merely of a bright fixed attention, though it included all the four expressions. (Dickens 17) Dickens created Lucie to be an ideal rather than a real woman. She represented all that is good in humanity—innocence, kindness, faith, and hope—and she served as a touchstone for other characters to find those qualities within themselves. Lucie is a loving and devoted wife to Charles Darnay. After Darnay’s death sentence she tells him: We shall not be separated long. I feel that this ...

Disaster Response and Relief

If being provided with a list from the Department of Homeland Securities of potential risk factors I would first look at these key issues and ways that I could improve the city’s chances of survival in a terrorist attack. I would look at the issues that were involved with these issues. My personal choice for order of dealing with the issues would be done so by my deciding which issues were more crucial and which ones needed to be dealt with first.With the list that was provided the order for these issues to be dealt with would take place in a specific order in order to promote the best chances of security and safety for all of the citizens involved. The first thing that would be done is that the airways would be secured and all incoming and outgoing air traffic would be stopped for some time. The next thing to do would be to secure waterways. This would include making sure that there were security efforts involved in protecting the city’s water sources as well.This woul d include the stopping of all water traffic and the security of the different ports and waterways that are surrounding the city. Next transport would be secured and stopped in order to allow for a more smooth evacuation of the city if necessary. This would mean that there need to be an exit strategy plan in the disaster plan that is on location at the town hall and other area disaster planning sites like the American Red Cross. All areas that produced power would be secured by as many forces as could be spared as well as trained disaster volunteers.This would be done so in order to help reduce the chances of harmful chemicals or toxins being released into the air in these areas. All food sources would be secured and there would be limited access to these sources in order to reduce the likelihood of contamination. During the beginning phases of this plan there would be specialists that would be involved in securing the computer systems and making sure that there was no one who was ab le to hack into important information. This would be handled at the same time as some of the other issues just by different specialists.There would be many different agencies that would be contacted. The first agencies to be contacted would be local law enforcement and area military. These would be first initiated in order to work on the security and safety of the city. The next agencies to be contacted would be those that are listed in the disaster plan including the local chapters of the American Red Cross, ESDA, and any other agency that has quick access to high volumes of volunteers. Schools and churches would be looked at as possible places for there to be shelters and food banks would be contacted as part of the process of having food and other goods.Other places that would be contacted are local grocery stores and other discount stores that would have access to high quantity of needed supplies. This would be done in partial efforts on putting limits on what each person could buy or have in order to ensure that supplies lasted for the most people possible. There would be limits placed on needed goods to ensure that all citizens could have some of them. The potential list of areas of vulnerability would need to be dealt with on a level where they were noted in the city’s Emergency Management Plan.Each of these issues would need to be discussed and there would need to be a plan for the emergency situation and how these issues would be dealt with. Whether or not the Incident Command System would need to be changed would depend on what was currently in place and what was needed. Basically if they were capable of addressing and dealing with all of the issues then there would not need to be any changes. However if they were not capable of this then there would need to be changes in order to ensure that they were capable.

Can you read my mind Essay

How do you know what you know? Can you figure out how you acquire language when you were still a child? How do you concentrate on reading this paper despite all the stimuli surrounding you? What do you think goes on your mind right now? These are just a few of the questions that cognitive psychology can answer with accuracy. Cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with how people think, perceive, remember and learn (â€Å"How people learn,† 2007). In the past, behavioral scientists explained certain phenomena by simply observing, then measuring and manipulating variables (â€Å"Albert Bandura,† 2006). Contrary to behaviorism, cognitive psychology explains the mental processes that take place when a person reacts mentally to various stimuli. These mental processes vary from person to person because each has his own schema of events. Schema, which is a term first used by Jean Piaget in 1926, refers to the set of well-defined concepts which a person already has in mind. These concepts may be â€Å"processed† through assimilation (â€Å"John Piaget,† 2006). For instance, a young child who is exposed only to `fork and spoon’ when eating will not recognize chopsticks as tools for eating as well. If you hand that child a pair of chopsticks, he or she won’t use it in picking up food to put on his or her mouth. It’s because that child doesn’t have a concept of chopsticks yet. However, after being exposed to his or her mom using chopsticks, the child will learn that those items can also be used in picking up food to bring to the mouth. That kind of learning is called assimilation which gives way to a new set of schema for the child. Cognitive development among children is just one aspect of cognitive psychology. This branch of learning may also be applied in more recent concerns. For example, teachers and learners are interested in finding out how people process two or more information at the same time. Interestingly, Piolat, Olive, & Kellogg (2005) conducted a study to know how multi-tasked people record notes while they try to comprehend new information from speakers. They found out through their research that â€Å"note taking demands more effort than reading or learning. However, â€Å"it requires less effort than the creative written composition of an original text† (p. 291). A working knowledge on how people think, perceive and learn is important in making predictions, making adjustments, and formulating policies that could aid the people in their day-to-day mental discourses. In one article, Jaroff (1993) told a story of a girl whose life became troubled after meeting with a psychiatrist who made her believe through â€Å"recovery† therapy that she was abused by her own father when she was a young child. Using her knowledge on cognitive psychology, particularly pertaining to how people retrieve memory, she discovered that what she ended up confessing to the psychiatrist was false (â€Å"Lies of the Mind†). This means that an understanding of this branch of knowledge allows people to be more conscious of how they deal with the world. Cognitive psychology is more than just a branch of knowledge. It is a portal leading to your most used but most strange place in this world – that is your mind. You think every day, you learn new things every minute but you forget to understand how all these thoughts are accommodated in your brains, in your minds. In conclusion, cognitive psychology offers explanation to the mental events that take place in a person. These mental activities can explain the past, and the present, to give way to a better future. After all your life depends not exactly on your environment but on how thoughts are processed in your head.

Jean Piaget theory on child development Essays

Jean Piaget theory on child development Essays Jean Piaget theory on child development Essay Jean Piaget theory on child development Essay Jean Piaget theory on child development Piaget was a psychologist who developed interest in children’s intellect. He worked with Alfred Binet and later came up with a theory on cognitive development of children. This theory explains cognitive child development. This type of development entails changes in cognition processes and capabilities. According to this theorist’s view, early development in cognition includes processes founded on actions. Later on, it advances to changes in mental activities. Piaget states that adults are not intelligent than children. The difference is children have a different way of thinking. This observation amazed Albert Einstein because people would not see its simplicity. Piaget came up with some concepts of this theory. Some of them are schemas, which is the description of mental and physical activities included in knowledge and understanding. The schema contains knowledge and its method of acquisition. When children encounter experiences, the new knowledge is added, or schemas change. For instance, if a child only sees a kitten he or she will tend to think all cats resemble that kitten. After he or she sees a cat, her perception will change.

History of Naturalization Requirements in the U.S.

History of Naturalization Requirements in the U.S. Naturalization is the process of gaining United States citizenship. Becoming an American citizen is the ultimate goal for many immigrants, but very few people are aware that the requirements for naturalization have been over 200 years in the making. Legislative History of Naturalization Before applying for naturalization, most immigrants must have spent 5 years as a permanent resident in the United States. How did we come up with the 5-year rule? The answer is found in the legislative history of immigration to the U.S. Naturalization requirements are set out in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), the basic body of immigration law. Before the INA was created in 1952, a variety of statutes governed immigration law. Lets take a look at the major changes to naturalization requirements. Before the Act of March 26, 1790, naturalization was under the control of the individual states. This first federal activity established a uniform rule for naturalization by setting the residence requirement at 2 years.The Act of January 29, 1795, repealed the 1790 act and raised the residency requirement to 5 years. It also required, for the first time, a declaration of intention to seek citizenship at least 3 years before naturalization.Along came the Naturalization Act of June 18, 1798 - a time when political tensions were running high and there was an increased desire to guard the nation. The residence requirement for naturalization was raised from 5 years to 14 years.Four years later, Congress passed the Naturalization Act of April 14, 1802, which reduced the residence period for naturalization from 14 years back to 5 years.The Act of May 26, 1824, made it easier for the naturalization of certain aliens who had entered the U.S. as minors, by setting a 2-year instead of a 3-year interval between the declaration of intention and admission to citizenship. The Act of May 11, 1922, was an extension of a 1921 Act and included an amendment that changed the residency requirement in a Western Hemisphere country from 1 year to the current requirement of 5 years.Noncitizens who had served honorably in the U.S. armed forces during the Vietnam conflict or in other periods of military hostilities were recognized in the Act of October 24, 1968. This act amended the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, providing an expedited naturalization process for these military members.The 2-year continuous U.S. residence requirement was done away with in the Act of October 5, 1978.A major overhaul of immigration law occurred with the Immigration Act of November 29, 1990. In it, state residency requirements were reduced to the current requirement of 3 months. Naturalization Requirements Today Todays general naturalization requirements state that you must have 5 years as a lawful permanent resident in the U.S. prior to filing, with no single absence from the U.S. of more than 1 year. In addition, you must have been physically present in the U.S. for at least 30 months out of the previous 5 years and resided within a state or district for at least 3 months. It is important to note that there are exceptions to the 5-year rule for certain people. These include: spouses of U.S. citizens; employees of the U.S. Government (including the U.S. Armed Forces); American research institutes recognized by the Attorney General; recognized U.S. religious organizations; U.S. research institutions; an American firm engaged in the development of foreign trade and commerce of the U.S.; and certain public international organizations involving the U.S. USCIS has special help available for naturalization candidates with disabilities and the government makes some exceptions on requirements for elderly people. Source: USCIS Edited by Dan Moffett

The Occupation of France through the eyes of Irne Nmirovsky in Suite Dissertation

The Occupation of France through the eyes of Irne Nmirovsky in Suite Franaise - Dissertation Example Irene Nemirovsky’s book, Suite francaise, written in two sections, ‘Storm in June’ and ‘Dolce,’ starts with an air raid siren going off in the early morning hours before sunrise, yet people are still not so anxious as of yet that they feel they must run away (Nemirovsky 3). (Indeed, many went back to sleep for just a bit longer once the sirens stopped.) Yet, in the distance, there was the sound of heavy guns firing, some of it coming closer and closer. Finally, the sun comes up and the shelling stops. There is a peaceful, yet uncertain pause in the craziness. Something is just waiting around the corner, yet to be seen (Nemirovsky 4). In this glimpse of the novel, we are made aware of the fact that people just barely understand what is happening to them and really cannot believe any rumours and reports they have been getting about the German forces moving their way or that things could be that bad (Nemirovsky 5). As is so often seen, when changes are m ade within a society coming from the outside, people do not want to believe that they are in danger. It is a case of pulling the night mask over one’s eyes so as to wake up and find that everything is alright again and back to normal. In fact, in the novel, this is the beginning of the end of whatever normal they had in their lives. It is a down-hill spiral from that point onwards. Suite francaise presents a number of people in all their diverse personalities, set in a time that will turn to a future of unimaginable horror. At the period of time that Irene writes this book, many of the horrors committed by the Nazis are still unknown definitively to most outside of the European theatre of war, but there had been rumours. Indeed, Irene may have suspected or heard through the rumour mill about what was truly happening to the Jews, of which she was one. Most, however, did not want to believe that such things were happening and it would not be until the end of WWII that the truth of the genocide of the Jewish people and other ‘undesirables’ would be fully revealed and even then, some would not believe it did take place. The background in the novel therefore provides a scenario which is perceived by the characters as they would have known their own world for that time when people did not know that much about what was happening, only that there was a war going on. In our current age of the Internet and social media of modern times, information and news travel around the world in a flash, within seconds or even milliseconds. At the beginning of WWII, however, information would have taken far more time to be dispersed to the general population in varying levels of electronic access by radio. Under the German occupation, much of that news would have been restricted and also turned to propaganda before being released to the general public. Therefore, her characters also react accordingly to what they know at that point in time of occurring history, n ot what we know in our perspective of that history many decades later. Regarding these two points of view, we see what is coming for these people but we can only shout silently to deaf ears of the characters in this story because they are not there yet in that level of knowledge. The time we know of through historical documentation, has not yet occurred for them or if it is occurring, they do not know of it yet, while we, who are in the future, already know where the story is headed, at least

Parkinsonism and other Extrapyramidal Diseases Essay

Parkinsonism and other Extrapyramidal Diseases - Essay Example In essence, I did the best I could with what I was provided. The normal functions of the human basal ganglia have largely been deduced from the study of functional problems associated with destructive or irritative lesions. To a large degree, the deficits are in motor function and, therefore, the extrapyramidal system and basal ganglia have been associated with movement disorders. Important interconnections of the basal ganglia are the nigrostriatal pathway, and the ansa and fasciculus lenticularis, and the fasciculus thalamicus, which interconnect the globus pallidus and the ventral lateral and ventral anterior (VL-VA) nuclei of the thalamusand the VL-VA thalamocortical fibers, the subthalamopallidal pathway, striatopallidal fibers, and cerebellothalamic interconnections Parkinson's disease, first described by James Parkinson in 1817, is one of the most important disabling illnesses of later life. It is estimated to affect 1% of 70-year-olds, but is also seen in younger people, with 10% of cases occurring before the age of 50. Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, but estimating its incidence and prevalence is problematic, since there is no 'in-life' marker for idiopathic Parkinson's disease; estimates of the annual incidence of Parkinson's disease are in the range of 4 to 20 per 100000 individuals. A widely accepted figure for the prevalence of Parkinson's disease is approximately 200 per 100,000 populations. In the UK, there are approximately 120,000 to 130,000 diagnosed cases, but there may be many more that remain undiagnosed. In the USA, it is estimated that between 750,000 and 1.5 million people have the disease. ( Ref) Age, Sex, and Ethnicity Both the incidence and prevalence of Parkinson's disease increase with age, and the prevalence may be as high as 1 in 50 for patients over the age of 80 years. Men are 1.5 times more likely than women to develop the condition are. Hospital-based studies have suggested that Parkinson's disease is less common in the black population. Pathology The main pathological feature of Parkinson's disease is the degeneration of neuromelanin-containing neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra. Examination with the naked eye reveals pallor of this area, which is confirmed microscopically by a marked decrease in the number of neuromelanin-containing cells and the presence of Lewy bodies in the remaining nigral neurons. Degeneration of pigmented neurons in the brainstem is not limited to the nigra but extends to the locus ceruleus and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Neuronal Degeneration The cause of neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease is unknown. The susceptible neurons are located in astroglial-poor regions such as the ventral tier. Glia may offer neuroprotection by providing neurotrophic factors that prevent cell death. Several hypotheses for neuronal degeneration have been proposed, including: oxidative stress, induced by dopamine metabolism or other factors defective mitochondrial energy metabolism excitotoxin- and xenobiotic-related cell death programmed cell death (apoptosis) to the medial

FINAL QUESTIONS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FINAL QUESTIONS - Assignment Example Then the users of the systeme are determined and the manner in which they are going to use it in order to know what to put in place. Moreover, input system data and output data system is also established. The requirement validity is also assessed at this stage. At this stage the guidelines are followed from the requirement specification manuscript. The system requirements are divided in software and hardware as stipulated by the requirement specification manuscript. Furthermore, the overall system building is defined thus marking a design specifications manuscript. The code is developed at this stage and is very crucial as it is the main focus of the system developer. The system design manuscript dictates the division of modules which leads to the start of coding. The process takes a lot of time. The code is the main thing tested after implementation. The code is tested against the requirements mentioned in the requirements analysis. The requirements must be fully functioning and solve the requirements needs as system and integration testing are conducted. The CEO’s role at the IT steering committee is to take responsibility of every operation that takes place in the company. The CEO makes and implements decisions and initiatives on behalf of the board of directors and the company. The CEO also ensures a smooth operation of daily operations in the company. In many instances the CEO is also the president of the company and a member and director of the board of directors. The CFO is under the CEO. The CFO’s role at the IT steering committee is to appraise financial data incurred by the IT department and even the company itself. He/she is also responsible for the reporting of IT department’s financial performance in that he/she supervises expenditures, costs and organizes the budget to be used by the IT department. The CFO also provides IT department’s financial wellbeing and veracity to bodies like the Securities and

What is Linguistics?

What is Linguistics? The mighty one creates an extraordinary perfect creature among the other creatures that is called human. Human being has a highly developed brain since Adam who is the first mankind came to the earth. When he was born, God gave him three potential gifts of life in order to live on; they were physical needs, instincts, and mind. Mind as one of three potential gifts that human has; it is a gift that makes human different from other creatures. With this gift makes mankind is able to develop everything that occurred in his life for sake his living. That is a reason why human has been inventing something new time by time. Language as the most significant part in communication, that is able to connect between the human capacities for culture and language and it has been noted as far back as classical antiquity. On Contemporary Linguistics O’Grady, et al., wrote that: â€Å"Language is many things à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ a system of communication, a medium for thought, a vehicle for literary expression, a social institution, a matter for political controversy, a catalyst for nation building. All human beings normally speak at least one language and it is hard to imagine much significant social, intellectual, or artistic activity taking place in its absence. Each of us, then, has a stake in understanding something about the nature and use of language.† In Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, Hornby stated that â€Å"Language is the system of communication in speech and writing that is used by people of a particular country†. Language is a mean of mankind’s communication. There are many different genius unique languages in the world, such as Arabic, Bahasa, Dutch, Japanese, Turkish, Walsh, and English. English is a global language in the world; it is extremely growing and spreading in a whole countries. Except for Japan, because he stated that his strenuous Japanese language makes him as his honor and his personality as Nippon people. Based on the linguists, language divided into two parts, they are literature and linguistics. Literature, in cultural context, language is studied as the tool of literature’s birth. Literature is the art of written works. On Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, Hornby wrote that â€Å"Literature is pieces of writing that are valued as works of art, especially novels, plays and poems (in contrast to technical books and newspapers, magazines, etc.)†. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, Hornby wrote that â€Å"Linguistics is the scientific study of language or particular languages: a course in applied linguistics†. Linguistics is called Generative Linguistics, studying not also a certain language but pays attention to analyze and comprehend every word, sound, its changes, function and so on in language. That is why linguistics consists of some major aspects of language. Commonly linguistics consists into some major subchapters, the first is anthropological linguistics; the study of the interrelationship between language and culture. Applied linguistics; the application of the methods and result of linguistics in such areas as language teaching. Also Historical linguistics; the study of how language changes through time: the language’s relationship to each other. Morphology is the study of the way in which words are constructed out of smaller meaningful units. The Method of the Research A method that the writer used in this research is descriptive method, regarding in this research the writer analyzes morphology, especially internal change, suppletion, and reduplication. The research describes in morphosemantic analysis of their form, position, function, and meaning as written in the aims of the research. Morphology Morphology is the branch of linguistics that identifying and studying words as grammatical units and word structured that introducing some common morphological phenomenon for modifying of variety of the word’s structure in order to express a new meaning and sign a grammatical contrast, such as internal change that a process in which substitutes one non-morphemic segment to another, suppletion is a morphological process whereby a root morphemes is replacing by a phonological unrelated form for indicating a grammatical contrast, and a process that duplicating part or all of the base to apply for marking a grammatical or semantic contras is called reduplication. Morphology derived from Greek words: morphe means form and logos means knowledge, and it is concerned with describing and explaining how the words are formed; it is the branch of linguistics that studies word formation and composition is called Morphology. McMannis, et al., (1987:117), in Language Files explains that â€Å"The study of how words are structured and how they are put together from smaller part†. Another linguist, Verhaar (2004:97) describes â€Å"Morphology is the branch of linguistics that identifies morphemes as grammatical unit†. Spencer et al., in The Handbook of Morphology (2001:1) describes that morphology as â€Å"†¦ The study of word structure and words are at the interface between phonology, syntax and semantics†. Then O’Grady et al., (1987:132) tell that â€Å"The system of categories and rules involved in word formation and interpretation is called morphology†. Morphology is the analysis, identification, and description of the word structure (words as units in the lexicon are the subject matter of lexicology). Words and Word Structures â€Å"The most reliable defining property of word is that they are the smallest free forms found in language. A free form is an element that can occur in isolation and or whose position with respect to neighbouring elements is not entirely fixed†. (Contemporary Linguistics: 132) In Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, Hornby stated that â€Å"Word is sound or combination of sounds that expresses a meaning and forms an independent unit of grammar or vocabulary of a language†. A speech sound or series of speech sounds that symbolizes and communicates a meaning without being divisible into smaller units capable of independent use. Yet word is the smallest of the linguistic units which can occur on its own in speech and writing (Richard et al., 1985:311). Furthermore, word formation is the creation of new words. A word can be stated if that word is in the base form. For example, the word singer ® {sing} + {-er}; sing is the base form. Figure 2.1 Words Consisting of One or More Morphemes Morphemes The traditional term for the most elemental unit of grammatical form is morpheme; from Wikipedia site, it is derived from the Greek word morphe meaning â€Å"form†. Britanica Concise Encyclopedia (www.answere.com) described that Morpheme as â€Å"The smallest grammatical unit of speech†. McMannis, et al., (Language Files: 117), wrote that Morpheme is â€Å"The minimal linguistic unit has a meaning or grammatical function†. While Lyons states that morpheme is â€Å"Such minimal units of grammatical analysis of which words may composed are customarily refered to as morpheme† (Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics: 170). Morpheme Classification Morphemes are divided into two basic categories; freestanding word and morphemes that are bound or attached (affixed) to other words. Each of these major categories can be subdivided further into two types, those morphemes that have more lexical content and those that are more grammatical in function. They are divided into two types: Free Morpheme, is morpheme which can stand alone and it has a meaning. The free morphemes with lexical content represent the major parts of speech, such nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The free grammatical function morphemes include the minor parts of speech, such articles, preposition, and conjunction, among others. Based on McMannis, et al., (Language Files: 119) free morpheme is â€Å"A morpheme which can stand alone as words†; Abdul Chaer’s definiton (1994:151), free morpheme is morpheme that can appear in the pronunciation without the presence of other morpheme. Bound Morpheme, is the morpheme that cannot stand alone and it has no meaning, but should be bound (attached) to other morpheme to have a meaning. â€Å"A morpheme that must be attached to another element†. (O’Grady et al.,1987:134) and McMannis stated that bound morpheme is â€Å"The morpheme which are always attached to some other morpheme†. (Language Files: 119) Affixes Affix is a letter or sound or group of letters or sounds, which is added to a word that changes the meaning or part of speech of the word. (Richards, et al., 1985:7); â€Å"Affix is one or more sounds or letters occurring as a bound form attached to the beginning or end of the word base, or phrase or inserted within a word or base and serving to produce a derivative word or an inflectional form†. Different with roots, affixes do not belong to a lexical category and always bound morphemes. Affixes are divided into three types; prefix is affix added to the beginning of the word/morpheme (such as un-, re-, en-, etc.); infix is affix inserted into two other morphemes (such as in tagalong  ®-um, -in, etc.); and suffix is affix added to the ending of the word/morpheme (such as -able, -ness, -ing, -ly) Bases O’Grady, et al., (Contemporary Linguistics: 137) explains that base is â€Å"A base is the form to which an affix is added. In many case the base is also the root†. For example, the word ducks: the element to which the affix –s is added corresponds to the word’s root. Another case, however, an affix can be added to a unit larger that a root which it happens in word blackened that the past tense affix –ed is added to the verbal base blacken –a unit consisting of root the morpheme black and suffix –en. Common Morphological Phenomena Mankind’s language makes use of variety of operations or processes that can modify the structure of word, either by adding some element to it or yet by making an internal change, in order to express a new meaning or to mark a grammatical contrast. 1. Affixation The addition of an affix, a process known as affixation, is common in morphological process in language. Linguist distinguishes the affixation’s process into three types: Prefix, is word or syllable (e.g. co-, en-, ex-, non-, un-, pre-, re-, etc.) placed in front of a word to add or change the meaning of that word, e. g. en in enrich. Prefix also means word (e. g. Dr, Mrs, Mr, Sir, etc.) that paced before a person’s name as a title for someone. (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 1989:976) Infix, is a derivational or inflectional affix appearing in the body of word. (Wikipedia-2010). O’Grady et al., (1987:139) stated that â€Å"Infix is a type of affix that occurs within a base†. Somehow infixes are rarely pretty hard to find them in English. Suffix, is letter or group added at the end of a word to make another word, e. g. –y added to rust to make rusty, or as an inflection, e. g. –en in oxen (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 1989:1286). Suffix means an affix occurring at the end of a word, base or phrase. 2. Compounding Words may also be formed by stringing together other words to create compound words (Wikipedia-2010). On Contemporary Linguistics O’Grady, et al., (1987:143), wrote that â€Å"Compounding is the combination of lexical categories (nouns, adjectives, verbs, or prepositions) to create a larger word†. Compounding in English is unlimited, for examples: Figure 2.2 Samples of Compounding 3. Internal Change On Contemporary Linguistics O’Grady, et al., (1987:141), wrote that â€Å"Internal change is a process that substitutes one non-morphemic segment for another†. For example, look at the table below. Figure 2.3 Internal Change in English In his book, he divided internal change into: Ablaut Ablaut is a systematic variation of vowels in the same root or affix or in related roots or affixes esp. in the Indo-European languages that is usually paralleled by differences in use or meaning. For example, sing (present)  ®sang (past); the term ablaut is often used for vowel alternations that mark grammatical contrast in this way. Umlaut Umlaut is the change of vowel that is caused by partial assimilation to a succeeding sound or that occurs as a reflex of the former presence of a succeeding sound which has been lost or altered (as to mark pluralization in goose ®geese or mouse ®mice). Umlaut involves the fronting of a vowel under the influence of a front vowel in the following syllable. Despite the internal modifications above, the following describes another pattern of internal change (Language Files: 131): The usual pattern of plural formation that is â€Å"To add an infectional morpheme, some English plurals make an internal modification: man but men†. The usual pattern of past and past participle formation is â€Å"To add an affix, but some verbs also show an internal change†; for example: ring, rang, rung; sing, sang, sung, etc. 4. Suppletion Contemporary Linguistics, (1987:142), explained that â€Å"Suppletion is a morphological process whereby a root morpheme is replaced by a phonologically unrelated form in order to indicate a grammatical contrast†. From Wikipedia confirmed that â€Å"In linguistics and etymology, suppletion is traditionally understood as the use of one word as the inflected form of another word when the two words are not cognate†. â€Å"Suppletion is the replacement of one stem with another, resulting in an allomorph of a morpheme which has no phonological similarity to the other allomorphs†. The statement took from SIL International. For an example of this terrific phenomenon in English is the use of went as the past tense form from the verb go, or was and were as the past tense forms from be. In some cases, it is hard to differ between suppletion and internal change as in think (thought) and seek (sought). 5. Reduplication Another magnificent common morphological process in certain language (but not English) is reduplication which duplicates all or part of the base to which it applies to mark a grammatical or semantic contrast. (Contemporary Linguistics: 143) The process of reduplication is dividing into two phenomena types that usually are used in English, the first one is full reduplication and another one is partial reduplication. Full reduplication is the repetition of the entire words. For examples in Indonesian language: orang (man)  ®orang-orang (all sorts of men), anak (child)  ®anak-anak (all sort of children); it is used to indicate intensity. Partial reduplication is copies only part of the word. For example in Tagalog language: takbuh (run)  ®tatakbuh (will run), lakad (walk)  ®lalakad (will walk). The repeating of parts of words to produce new forms is called reduplication. Producing new coinages have often appeared at times of national confidence; when an outgoing also playful nature is expressed in language, for example during 1920’s following the First World War in which when many nonsense word pairs were coined such as the bees knees, heebie-jeebies, etc. The linguists believe that the introduction of such terms begin with Old English and continues today. Willy-nilly, riff-raff, helter-skelter, arsy-versy (a form of vice-versa), hocus-pocus all date from the 16th century. Today, new coinage word is coming up to date; we have bling-bling, boob-tube and hip-hop. The other example of reduplication are ding-dong, see-saw, tick-tock, zig-zag, blah-blah, bye-bye, choo-choo, chop-chop. Hypertension: Signs, Risk Factors, Treatments Hypertension: Signs, Risk Factors, Treatments Contents (Jump to) Introduction Anatomy, physiology and Pathophysiology of hypertension Risk factors that are associated with hypertension i. Age. ii. Gender. iii. Activity level iv. Diet v. smoking vi. Family history Signs and symptoms of hypertension Diagnostics and tests for hypertension Treatment of hypertension 1. Change of lifestyles 2. The use of medicine Complications that may result from hypertension How hypertension process affects the body system Circulatory system Digestive system Nerves system Endocrine system Respiratory system Necessary nutrition for hypertension patients Planning and teaching on patient discharge. References Introduction In his article, â€Å"Hypertension Guide May Affect 7.4 Million†, Gina Kolata observes that approximately two-thirds of American aged above 60 years are likely to server from hypertension. This is supported by the fact that; there are so many people who are admitted to various hospitals suffering from hypertension. Some people have also been admitted to various nursing homes where they are on receiving with medication (Kolata, 2013, December 19). A good example is H.K., who is 80 years old widow female. She was born in India and she only speaks one language, Punjabi. H. K was admitted to a nursing home on 06/07/2013 due to depressive disorder requiring assistance with ADLs. She is on DNR code status and no allergies. I believe she chose for DNR code given that she is at her advanced age. However, it is worth nothing that the decision for a DNR code is not the easiest one any person can make in their lives. Under these instructions, it is evident that H.K treatment only involves the treatment of symptoms that are as a result of pain or rather shortness of breath to just facilitate comfort. This however does not in any way prolong her life. Given her condition, H. K is actually suffering from hypertension. In reference to the case study above, this paper will be giving a comprehensive and consistent facts about hypertension. In support of these facts, this paper will majorly focus on various aspects of the disease. In particular, the paper will be looking at the anatomy and physiology as well as the risk factors that are associated with hypertension. In addition, this paper will also mention the signs and symptoms, diagnostics, treatment and complications of this disease. Moreover, this paper will go further and indicate how the disease process affects the body system, the nutrition information that is necessary for the patients as well as the required planning and teaching on patient discharge. Anatomy, physiology and Pathophysiology of hypertension Commonly known as high blood pressure, hypertension is a prominent blood pressure which clinically is considered to be higher than 140/90 mm/Hg. Once blood pressure in the arteries is high then the heart has a big task of pumping blood throughout the blood vessels (Culpepper, 1983). Basically, the two types of blood pressure that are measured include systolic and diastolic measures. Systolic measure is done when the heart contracts after a beat in order to let blood out of the ventricular while diastolic measure takes place during the relaxation of the ventricular, and thus, being filled with blood. Hypertension occurs when there is an increase resistance of blood flow, even though the cardiac effects remains the same. High blood pressure is normally classified into two; essential/primary hypertension and secondary hypertension. In comparison of these two, primary hypertension does not need any serious medical attention but then a lot of consideration must be channeled towards secondary hypertension because it can result to various effects on the body (Wylie, 2005). There are many pathophysiology mechanisms that are involved in the development of primary hypertension. These include peripheral resistance as well as cardiac output. These two are responsible for arterial pressure. Meanwhile, heart rate and stroke volume are the two determinant of cardiac output. Stroke volume is also influenced by two factors. These include; myocardial contractility in conjunction with the vascular compartment. On the other hand, peripheral resistance occurs as a result of the structural changes of the arteries and arterioles (CEACCP, n.d.). Risk factors that are associated with hypertension Numerous diseases have many risk factors that in one way or another contribute or rather lead to these diseases. Likewise, there a number of risk factors that are known to be associated with hypertension. Some of these factors includes; Age. This is one important risk factor that is associated with hypertension. The more advanced in terms of age an individual becomes, the higher the chances of developing hypertension. Gender. Men forms the large portion of high blood pressure as opposed to females Activity level Individuals who engages in a lot of exercises and who are more active in their old age are less likely to server from hypertension as compared to those people who are in an inactive physically. Diet Salt has been found to have a higher impact of contributing to high blood pressure smoking Smoking is a risk factor in many diseases. Likewise it is also a risk factor and can contribute to hypertension. So people are highly encouraged to quit smoking. Family history Even though research is still being done to confirm the preliminary indications that, an individual who comes from a family which has been diagnosed with hypertension has a high probability of suffering from this disease (Guyton Hall, 2006). Signs and symptoms of hypertension There are a number of signs and symptoms that are associated with high blood pressure. However, it is important to note that there are no direct symptoms that solely can be considered or linked to hypertension. The situation is even made difficult by the fact that most signs that can be deemed to associate with high blood pressure can also result from normal blood pressures. Some of these symptoms include; fatigue, dizziness, nose-bleeding as well as severe headache (Hypertension, n.d). As it can be observed, the above symptoms also occurs in other diseases as well. So when these symptoms start showing up, a person suffering from high blood pressure will also shows some other signs such as vomiting, restlessness, having a blurred vision as well as shortness of breath. Hypertension can now be more suspicious if a person shows other signs like, variation in the mental abilities that is characterized by being confused and eventually leading to a coma. Other signs that will indicate hypertension includes having a heart attack or heart failure, experiencing a lot of pain in the chest, fluids in the lungs, and severe swelling of the brain (Hypertension, n.d). These symptoms are also accompanied by kidney failure, damage of the brain, heart as well as the eyes. Diagnostics and tests for hypertension There are many examinations that can be used to indicate if a patience with above mentioned symptoms and signs is suffering from high blood pressure. The first step is to measure the blood pressure levels. This is done through a series of steps as indicated below; A patient is required to sit down with both feet on the floor for at least five minutes. The patient’s arm should also rest peacefully on the arms of the examination chair. Once the patient is sited relaxing on the chair, a cuff that is attached to the dial is then rubbed around his/her arm. It is important to note that it is the upper arm and not the lower arm. The purpose of dial is actually to show or rather indicate the level of blood pressure. The responsible professional who in most cases is the nurse pumps the cuffs so that blood flow can be stopped. Once this is done, the nurse slowly and carefully loosens the cuff and with the aid of a stethoscope the nurse listens to the blood pressure particularly in the elbow. This is what is refereed to systolic measurement of blood pressure. Eventually the nurse loosens the cuff further and blood start flowing normally until the heart beat cannot be heard through the elbow. This is what is called the diastolic tests. If through these test, there is a convincing indication that indeed the blood pressure of the patient is high, then definitely the doctor will indicate that the patient should return for two to three more similar tests so that the blood pressure can be confirmed (Hypertension, n.d). There are other tests that can be carried out to supplements the tests above. These include; the test for glucose, urine examination, blood tests for determination of potassium levels as well as examination of the kidney functionality (Black, 1999). Treatment of hypertension Generally, there are two approaches that can be used to treat hypertension. These include; change of lifestyles as well as well as the use of medicine. Change of lifestyles There are a number of lifestyle changes that can be adopted and help in dealing with high blood pressure. These include; (a) try as much as possible to reduce body weight. This is because it has been found that high blood pressure is directly proportion to the rate of increase of body weight. In addition, losing weight allows the various medication that are taken to work more efficiently and effectively (b) eating a well-balanced diet that is rich of fruits with reduced salt and fats (c) being active in participating various physical activities. These activities should be undertaken on a daily basis and not just on the weekends (d) reduce alcohol, caffeine as well as tobacco as much as possible (e) avoid all forms of pressure or stress in this case because actually they tend to increase the level of blood pressure (Diseases and Conditions, n.d). The use of medicine Hypertension can also be treated medically using the following drugs; the use of beta-blockers to reduce rate at which the heart beats, use of angiotensin, Diuretics and alpha1-adrenergic (Hypertension, n.d). Complications that may result from hypertension There are numerous complications that may occur due to hypertension. The major common ones include; thickening of blood vessel, this will lead to coronary heart disease, heart failure because of exhaustion of the heart due to the increased load of pumping blood, hypertension also increases chances of cardiac arrhythmias. Hypertension can also lead to stroke as well as diabetes as a result of some drugs that are used to treat it. Men are likely to suffer from sexual dysfunction while females who have high blood pressure have been found to have problems during pregnancies. In addition, blood vessels that supply the brain may be damaged leading to dementia (Simon, 2013) How hypertension process affects the body system Circulatory system One of the most affected body system as a result of hypertension is the circulatory system. This is because, when the heart pumps blood too fast, it may rupture capillaries and arteries (Simon, 2013). Digestive system The digestive system is also affected by high blood pressure. This results due to the fact that, capillaries and arteries are responsible for supplying the stomach with the necessary blood for digestion to take place but once they have been damaged, then the stomach which is part of digestive system is not able to carry its functions well (Simon, 2013). Nerves system The nerves system is also affected by high blood pressure. This occurs due to the fact that arteries are responsible for supplying blood to the brain. If they get damaged due to the high blood pressure from the heart then the functions of the nerves system are impaired and this may definitely lead to dementia (Gregson, 2001). Endocrine system The endocrine system actually has a great contribution to secondary hypertension. This is because, hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s syndrome as well as pheochromocytoma which are endocrine diseases have been found to contribute to high blood pressure (Gregson, 2001). Respiratory system The respiratory system is also affected by high blood pressure because of the damage that may be caused to the kidney. Poor material flow to muscle tendons as the functionality of different blood vessels is impaired will lead to adverse effects on the muscular system (Gregson, 2001). Necessary nutrition for hypertension patients The major consideration of nutrition is to try and reduce weight. Thus eating more fish, foods which contain fiber, vegetables and fruits is an ideal diet for patients suffering from high blood pressure. In addition all daily fat products should be avoided. Moreover, foods that are rich in calcium, magnesium and potassium are also highly recommended. On top of that, avoid red meet at all cost but then white meet from turkey and chicken is recommendable (Culpepper, 1983). Planning and teaching on patient discharge. Once a hypertension patient has been discharged, it is better for him/her to follow some guidelines which in this case include; taking medicines as directed by the physician, being taught to know the facts of the disease. This will assist the patient to prepare himself psychologically and in the process avoid all forms of stress which may arise. Another important thing that the patient must observe also is to constantly engage in various physical activities. This will also help the patient decrease his blood pressure. The patient also needs to be keen with regard to the foods he will be taking and try to avoid a lot of salt as well as any fat related foods (Diseases and Conditions, n.d). An important fact also the patience should be taught is some symptoms like severe headache, weakness in lower or upper arm, trouble when breathing and difficulties when speaking. Once the patient has experienced these signs, he should call for help immediately References BJA: CEACCP. (n.d.). Hypertension: pathophysiology and treatment. Retrieved March 3, 2014, from http://ceaccp.oxfordjournals.org/content/4/3/71.full Black, E. R. (1999). Diagnostic strategies for common medical problems (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: American College of Physicians. Culpepper, W. S. (1983). Cardiac anatomy and function in juvenile hypertension. The American Journal of Medicine, 75(3), 57-61. Diseases and Conditions. (n.d.). 10 ways to control high blood pressure without medication. Retrieved February 27, 2014, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/high-blood-pressure/art-20046974?pg=2 Gregson, S. R. (2001). High blood pressure. Mankato, Minn.: LifeMatters. Guyton, A. C., Hall, J. E. (2006). Textbook of medical physiology (11th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. Hypertension/high blood pressure health centre. (n.d.). High blood pressure symptoms: Signs of hypertension, malignant hypertension. Retrieved March 2, 2014, from http://www.webmd.boots.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/guide/high-bp-symptoms Hypertension/high blood pressure health centre. (n.d.). High blood pressure. Retrieved March 2, 2014, from http://www.webmd.boots.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/guide/blood-pressure-treatment Kolata, G. (2013, December 19). Hypertension Guide May Affect 7.4 Million. The New York Times. Retrieved March 3, 2014, from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/20/health/hypertension-guide-may-affect-7-4-million.html?_r=0 Moore, R. (2001). The high blood pressure solution a scientifically proven program for preventing strokes and heart disease ([2nd ed.). Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press. Simon, H. (2013, June 27). Health Guide. High Blood Pressure. Retrieved March 2, 2014, from http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/hypertension/complications.html Wylie, L. (2005). Essential anatomy and physiology in maternity care (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone.